mirror of
https://github.com/Zenithsiz/ftmemsim-valgrind.git
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587 lines
21 KiB
XML
587 lines
21 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!-- -*- sgml -*- -->
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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
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[ <!ENTITY % vg-entities SYSTEM "vg-entities.xml"> %vg-entities; ]>
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<book id="FAQ" xreflabel="Valgrind FAQ">
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<bookinfo>
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<title>Valgrind FAQ</title>
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<releaseinfo>&rel-type; &rel-version; &rel-date;</releaseinfo>
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<copyright>
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<year>&vg-lifespan;</year>
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<holder><ulink url="&vg-developers;">Valgrind Developers</ulink></holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>Email: <ulink url="mailto:&vg-vemail;">&vg-vemail;</ulink></para>
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</legalnotice>
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</bookinfo>
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<article id="faq">
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<title>Valgrind Frequently Asked Questions</title>
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<!-- FAQ starts here -->
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<qandaset>
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<!-- Background -->
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<qandadiv id="faq.background" xreflabel="Background">
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<title>Background</title>
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<qandaentry id="faq.pronounce">
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<question id="q-pronounce">
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<para>How do you pronounce "Valgrind"?</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-pronounce">
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<para>The "Val" as in the world "value". The "grind" is pronounced
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with a short 'i' -- ie. "grinned" (rhymes with "tinned") rather than
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"grined" (rhymes with "find").</para> <para>Don't feel bad: almost
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everyone gets it wrong at first.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.whence">
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<question id="q-whence">
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<para>Where does the name "Valgrind" come from?</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-whence">
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<para>From Nordic mythology. Originally (before release) the project
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was named Heimdall, after the watchman of the Nordic gods. He could
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"see a hundred miles by day or night, hear the grass growing, see the
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wool growing on a sheep's back" (etc). This would have been a great
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name, but it was already taken by a security package "Heimdal".</para>
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<para>Keeping with the Nordic theme, Valgrind was chosen. Valgrind is
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the name of the main entrance to Valhalla (the Hall of the Chosen
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Slain in Asgard). Over this entrance there resides a wolf and over it
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there is the head of a boar and on it perches a huge eagle, whose eyes
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can see to the far regions of the nine worlds. Only those judged
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worthy by the guardians are allowed to pass through Valgrind. All
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others are refused entrance.</para>
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<para>It's not short for "value grinder", although that's not a bad
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guess.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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</qandadiv>
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<!-- Compiling, Installing and Configuring -->
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<qandadiv id="faq.installing" xreflabel="Compiling, installing and configuring">
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<title>Compiling, installing and configuring</title>
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<qandaentry id="faq.make_dies">
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<question id="q-make_dies">
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<para>When I trying building Valgrind, 'make' dies partway with
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an assertion failure, something like this:</para>
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<screen>
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% make: expand.c:489: allocated_variable_append:
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Assertion 'current_variable_set_list->next != 0' failed.
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</screen>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-make_dies">
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<para>It's probably a bug in 'make'. Some, but not all, instances of
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version 3.79.1 have this bug, see
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www.mail-archive.com/bug-make@gnu.org/msg01658.html. Try upgrading to
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a more recent version of 'make'. Alternatively, we have heard that
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unsetting the CFLAGS environment variable avoids the problem.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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</qandadiv>
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<!-- Valgrind aborts unexpectedly -->
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<qandadiv id="faq.abort" xreflabel="Valgrind aborts unexpectedly">
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<title>Valgrind aborts unexpectedly</title>
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<qandaentry id="faq.exit_errors">
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<question id="q-exit_errors">
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<para>Programs run OK on Valgrind, but at exit produce a bunch of
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errors involving <literal>__libc_freeres()</literal> and then die
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with a segmentation fault.</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-exit_errors">
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<para>When the program exits, Valgrind runs the procedure
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<function>__libc_freeres()</function> in glibc. This is a hook for
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memory debuggers, so they can ask glibc to free up any memory it has
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used. Doing that is needed to ensure that Valgrind doesn't
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incorrectly report space leaks in glibc.</para>
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<para>Problem is that running <literal>__libc_freeres()</literal> in
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older glibc versions causes this crash.</para>
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<para>WORKAROUND FOR 1.1.X and later versions of Valgrind: use the
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<option>--run-libc-freeres=no</option> flag. You may then get space
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leak reports for glibc-allocations (please _don't_ report these to
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the glibc people, since they are not real leaks), but at least the
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program runs.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.bugdeath">
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<question id="q-bugdeath">
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<para>My (buggy) program dies like this:</para>
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<screen>% valgrind: vg_malloc2.c:442 (bszW_to_pszW): Assertion 'pszW >= 0' failed.</screen>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-bugdeath">
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<para>If Memcheck (the memory checker) shows any invalid reads,
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invalid writes and invalid frees in your program, the above may
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happen. Reason is that your program may trash Valgrind's low-level
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memory manager, which then dies with the above assertion, or
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something like this. The cure is to fix your program so that it
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doesn't do any illegal memory accesses. The above failure will
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hopefully go away after that.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.msgdeath">
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<question id="q-msgdeath">
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<para>My program dies, printing a message like this along the
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way:</para>
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<screen>% disInstr: unhandled instruction bytes: 0x66 0xF 0x2E 0x5</screen>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-msgdeath">
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<para>Older versions did not support some x86 instructions,
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particularly SSE/SSE2 instructions. Try a newer Valgrind; we now
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support almost all instructions. If it still happens with newer
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versions, if the failing instruction is an SSE/SSE2 instruction, you
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might be able to recompile your program without it by using the flag
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<option>-march</option> to gcc. Either way, let us know and we'll
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try to fix it.</para>
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<para>Another possibility is that your program has a bug and
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erroneously jumps to a non-code address, in which case you'll get a
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SIGILL signal. Memcheck/Addrcheck may issue a warning just before
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this happens, but they might not if the jump happens to land in
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addressable memory.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.java">
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<question id="q-java">
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<para>I tried running a Java program (or another program that uses a
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just-in-time compiler) under Valgrind but something went wrong.
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Does Valgrind handle such programs?</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-java">
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<para>Valgrind can handle dynamically generated code, so long as
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none of the generated code is later overwritten by other generated
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code. If this happens, though, things will go wrong as Valgrind
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will continue running its translations of the old code (this is true
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on x86 and AMD64, on PPC32 there are explicit cache flush
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instructions which Valgrind detects). You should try running with
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<option>--smc-check=all</option> in this case; Valgrind will run
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much more slowly, but should detect the use of the out-of-date
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code.</para>
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<para>Alternativaly, if you have the source code to the JIT compiler
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you can insert calls to the
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<computeroutput>VALGRIND_DISCARD_TRANSLATIONS</computeroutput>
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client request to mark out-of-date code, saving you from using
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<option>--smc-check=all</option>.</para>
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<para>Apart from this, in theory Valgrind can run any Java program
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just fine, even those that use JNI and are partially implemented in
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other languages like C and C++. In practice, Java implementations
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tend to do nasty things that most programs do not, and Valgrind
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sometimes falls over these corner cases.</para>
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<para>If your Java programs do not run under Valgrind, even with
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<option>--smc-check=all</option>, please file a bug report and
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hopefully we'll be able to fix the problem.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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</qandadiv>
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<!-- Valgrind behaves unexpectedly -->
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<qandadiv id="faq.unexpected" xreflabel="Valgrind behaves unexpectedly">
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<title>Valgrind behaves unexpectedly</title>
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<qandaentry id="faq.reports">
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<question id="q-reports">
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<para>My program uses the C++ STL and string classes. Valgrind
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reports 'still reachable' memory leaks involving these classes at
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the exit of the program, but there should be none.</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-reports">
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<para>First of all: relax, it's probably not a bug, but a feature.
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Many implementations of the C++ standard libraries use their own
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memory pool allocators. Memory for quite a number of destructed
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objects is not immediately freed and given back to the OS, but kept
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in the pool(s) for later re-use. The fact that the pools are not
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freed at the exit() of the program cause Valgrind to report this
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memory as still reachable. The behaviour not to free pools at the
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exit() could be called a bug of the library though.</para>
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<para>Using gcc, you can force the STL to use malloc and to free
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memory as soon as possible by globally disabling memory caching.
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Beware! Doing so will probably slow down your program, sometimes
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drastically.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>With gcc 2.91, 2.95, 3.0 and 3.1, compile all source using
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the STL with <literal>-D__USE_MALLOC</literal>. Beware! This is
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removed from gcc starting with version 3.3.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>With gcc 3.2.2 and later, you should export the
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environment variable <literal>GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW</literal> before
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running your program.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>With gcc 3.4 and later, that variable has changed name to
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<literal>GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</literal>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>There are other ways to disable memory pooling: using the
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<literal>malloc_alloc</literal> template with your objects (not
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portable, but should work for gcc) or even writing your own memory
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allocators. But all this goes beyond the scope of this FAQ. Start
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by reading
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<ulink url="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/howto.html#3">
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http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/howto.html#3</ulink> if
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you absolutely want to do that. But beware:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>there are currently changes underway for gcc which are not
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totally reflected in the docs right now ("now" == 26 Apr 03)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>allocators belong to the more messy parts of the STL and
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people went to great lengths to make it portable across
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platforms. Chances are good that your solution will work on your
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platform, but not on others.</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.unhelpful">
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<question id="q-unhelpful">
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<para>The stack traces given by Memcheck (or another tool) aren't
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helpful. How can I improve them?</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-unhelpful">
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<para>If they're not long enough, use <option>--num-callers</option>
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to make them longer.</para>
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<para>If they're not detailed enough, make sure you are compiling
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with <option>-g</option> to add debug information. And don't strip
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symbol tables (programs should be unstripped unless you run 'strip'
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on them; some libraries ship stripped).</para>
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<para>Also, for leak reports involving shared objects, if the shared
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object is unloaded before the program terminates, Valgrind will
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discard the debug information and the error message will be full of
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<literal>???</literal> entries. The workaround here is to avoid
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calling dlclose() on these shared objects.</para>
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<para>Also, <option>-fomit-frame-pointer</option> and
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<option>-fstack-check</option> can make stack traces worse.</para>
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<para>Some example sub-traces:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>With debug information and unstripped (best):</para>
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<programlisting>
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Invalid write of size 1
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at 0x80483BF: really (malloc1.c:20)
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by 0x8048370: main (malloc1.c:9)
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</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>With no debug information, unstripped:</para>
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<programlisting>
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Invalid write of size 1
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at 0x80483BF: really (in /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
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by 0x8048370: main (in /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
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</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>With no debug information, stripped:</para>
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<programlisting>
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Invalid write of size 1
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at 0x80483BF: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
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by 0x8048370: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
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by 0x42015703: __libc_start_main (in /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so)
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by 0x80482CC: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
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</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>With debug information and -fomit-frame-pointer:</para>
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<programlisting>
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Invalid write of size 1
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at 0x80483C4: really (malloc1.c:20)
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by 0x42015703: __libc_start_main (in /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so)
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by 0x80482CC: ??? (start.S:81)
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</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>A leak error message involving an unloaded shared object:</para>
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<programlisting>
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84 bytes in 1 blocks are possibly lost in loss record 488 of 713
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at 0x1B9036DA: operator new(unsigned) (vg_replace_malloc.c:132)
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by 0x1DB63EEB: ???
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by 0x1DB4B800: ???
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by 0x1D65E007: ???
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by 0x8049EE6: main (main.cpp:24)
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</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.aliases">
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<question id="q-aliases">
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<para>The stack traces given by Memcheck (or another tool) seem to
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have the wrong function name in them. What's happening?</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-aliases">
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<para>Occasionally Valgrind stack traces get the wrong function
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names. This is caused by glibc using aliases to effectively give
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one function two names. Most of the time Valgrind chooses a
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suitable name, but very occasionally it gets it wrong. Examples we
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know of are printing 'bcmp' instead of 'memcmp', 'index' instead of
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'strchr', and 'rindex' instead of 'strrchr'.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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</qandadiv>
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<!-- Memcheck doesn't find my bug -->
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<qandadiv id="faq.notfound" xreflabel="Memcheck doesn't find my bug">
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<title>Memcheck doesn't find my bug</title>
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<qandaentry id="faq.hiddenbug">
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<question id="q-hiddenbug">
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<para>I try running "valgrind --tool=memcheck my_program" and get
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Valgrind's startup message, but I don't get any errors and I know my
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program has errors.</para>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-hiddenbug">
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<para>There are two possible causes of this.</para>
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<para>First, by default, Valgrind only traces the top-level process.
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So if your program spawns children, they won't be traced by Valgrind
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by default. Also, if your program is started by a shell script,
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Perl script, or something similar, Valgrind will trace the shell, or
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the Perl interpreter, or equivalent.</para>
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<para>To trace child processes, use the
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<option>--trace-children=yes</option> option.</para>
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<para>If you are tracing large trees of processes, it can be less
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disruptive to have the output sent over the network. Give Valgrind
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the flag <option>--log-socket=127.0.0.1:12345</option> (if you want
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logging output sent to <literal>port 12345</literal> on
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<literal>localhost</literal>). You can use the valgrind-listener
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program to listen on that port:</para>
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<programlisting>
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valgrind-listener 12345
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</programlisting>
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<para>Obviously you have to start the listener process first. See
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the manual for more details.</para>
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<para>Second, if your program is statically linked, most Valgrind
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tools won't work as well, because they won't be able to replace
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certain functions, such as malloc(), with their own versions. A key
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indicator of this is if Memcheck says:
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<programlisting>
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All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
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</programlisting>
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when you know your program calls malloc(). The workaround is to
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avoid statically linking your program.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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<qandaentry id="faq.overruns">
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<question id="q-overruns">
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<para>Why doesn't Memcheck find the array overruns in this
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program?</para>
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<programlisting>
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int static[5];
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int main(void)
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{
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int stack[5];
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static[5] = 0;
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stack [5] = 0;
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return 0;
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}
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</programlisting>
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</question>
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<answer id="a-overruns">
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<para>Unfortunately, Memcheck doesn't do bounds checking on static
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or stack arrays. We'd like to, but it's just not possible to do in
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a reasonable way that fits with how Memcheck works. Sorry.</para>
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</answer>
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</qandaentry>
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</qandadiv>
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|
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<!-- Miscellaneous -->
|
|
<qandadiv id="faq.misc" xreflabel="Miscellaneous">
|
|
<title>Miscellaneous</title>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry id="faq.writesupp">
|
|
<question id="q-writesupp">
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|
<para>I tried writing a suppression but it didn't work. Can you
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write my suppression for me?</para>
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</question>
|
|
<answer id="a-writesupp">
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<para>Yes! Use the <option>--gen-suppressions=yes</option> feature
|
|
to spit out suppressions automatically for you. You can then edit
|
|
them if you like, eg. combining similar automatically generated
|
|
suppressions using wildcards like <literal>'*'</literal>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you really want to write suppressions by hand, read the
|
|
manual carefully. Note particularly that C++ function names must be
|
|
<literal>_mangled_</literal>.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry id="faq.deflost">
|
|
<question id="q-deflost">
|
|
<para>With Memcheck/Addrcheck's memory leak detector, what's the
|
|
difference between "definitely lost", "possibly lost", "still
|
|
reachable", and "suppressed"?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
<answer id="a-deflost">
|
|
<para>The details are in the Memcheck section of the user
|
|
manual.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In short:</para>
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>"definitely lost" means your program is leaking memory --
|
|
fix it!</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>"possibly lost" means your program is probably leaking
|
|
memory, unless you're doing funny things with pointers.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>"still reachable" means your program is probably ok -- it
|
|
didn't free some memory it could have. This is quite common and
|
|
often reasonable. Don't use
|
|
<option>--show-reachable=yes</option> if you don't want to see
|
|
these reports.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>"suppressed" means that a leak error has been suppressed.
|
|
There are some suppressions in the default suppression files.
|
|
You can ignore suppressed errors.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
</qandadiv>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Further Assistance -->
|
|
<qandadiv id="faq.help" xreflabel="How To Get Further Assistance">
|
|
<title>How To Get Further Assistance</title>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry id="e-help">
|
|
<!-- <question><para/></question> -->
|
|
<answer id="a-help">
|
|
<para>Please read all of this section before posting.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you think an answer is incomplete or inaccurate, please
|
|
e-mail <ulink url="mailto:&vg-vemail;">&vg-vemail;</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Read the appropriate section(s) of the
|
|
<ulink url="&vg-bookset;">Valgrind Documentation</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Read the
|
|
<ulink url="&vg-dist-docs;">Distribution Documents</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para><ulink url="http://search.gmane.org">Search</ulink> the
|
|
<ulink url="http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind">valgrind-users</ulink> mailing list archives, using the group name
|
|
<computeroutput>gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind</computeroutput>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Only when you have tried all of these things and are still
|
|
stuck, should you post to the
|
|
<ulink url="&vg-users-list;">valgrind-users mailing list</ulink>. In
|
|
which case, please read the following carefully. Making a complete
|
|
posting will greatly increase the chances that an expert or fellow
|
|
user reading it will have enough information and motivation to
|
|
reply.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Make sure you give full details of the problem, including the
|
|
full output of <computeroutput>valgrind -v <your-prog></computeroutput>, if
|
|
applicable. Also which Linux distribution you're using (Red Hat,
|
|
Debian, etc) and its version number.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You are in little danger of making your posting too long unless
|
|
you include large chunks of Valgrind's (unsuppressed) output, so err
|
|
on the side of giving too much information.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Clearly written subject lines and message bodies are
|
|
appreciated, too.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Finally, remember that, despite the fact that most of the
|
|
community are very helpful and responsive to emailed questions, you
|
|
are probably requesting help from unpaid volunteers, so you have no
|
|
guarantee of receiving an answer.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
</qandadiv>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- FAQ ends here -->
|
|
</qandaset>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- template
|
|
<qandadiv id="faq.installing" xreflabel="Installing">
|
|
<title>Installing</title>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry id="faq.problem">
|
|
<question id="q-problem">
|
|
<para></para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
<answer id="a-problem">
|
|
<para></para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
</qandadiv>
|
|
-->
|
|
|
|
</article>
|
|
|
|
</book>
|